Remote Sensing Tutorial¶
Contents
Remote Sensing Tutorial¶
WHAT YOU CAN LEARN FROM SENSORS ON SPACECRAFT THAT LOOK INWARD AT THE EARTH AND OUTWARD AT THE PLANETS, THE GALAXIES AND, GOING BACK IN TIME, THE COSMOS¶
Table of Contents¶
- Foreword & Overview of Remote Sensing
- Introduction: Theoretical, and Technical Perspectives of Remote Sensing; Special Applications
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction Answers
- INTRODUCTION:
- Geophysical Remote Sensing
- Untitled
- Untitled
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: The Photon and Radiometric Quantities
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Distribution of Radiant Energies
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Distribution of Radiant Energies
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Spectral Signatures
- Sensor Technology
- Interpretation and Classification
- History of Remote Sensing: In the Beginning
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 2 Page 8
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 2 Page 9
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 2 Page 10
- History of Remote Sensing: Multispectral Images
- Film as a Recording Medium
- History of Remote Sensing: Color & False Color Composites
- History of Remote Sensing: Apollo 9 Multispectral Images
- History of Remote Sensing: Landsat (ne: Earth Resources Technology Satellite)
- History of Remote Sensing: Landsat’s Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS)
- History of Remote Sensing: A Landsat Image
- History of Remote Sensing: MSS Histograms
- Best MSS Bands for Identifying Surface Features
- History of Remote Sensing: Landsat’s Thematic Mapper (TM)
- History of Remote Sensing: Examples of TM Imagery
- Other Remote Sensing Systems - MOMS and SPOT
- Other Remote Sensing Systems - IRS, JERS, RESURS, OKEAN, CBERS, MicroSat Series (AlSat-1)
- Other Remote Sensing Systems - Hyperspectral Imaging
- Other Remote Sensing Systems - Radar and Thermal Systems
- Other Remote Sensing Systems: Meteorological, Oceanographic and Earth System Satellites
- The Systems (Multisource) Approach to Remote Sensing
- Medical Applications of Remote Sensing
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 2 Page 26c
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 2 Page 26d
- Military Intelligence Satellites
- The Commercialization of Space Remote Sensing
- Concluding Remarks
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: Transmittance, Absorptance, and Reflectance
- Untitled
- Untitled
- Chapter01: Image Processing and Interpretation - Morro Bay, California
- IMAGE PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION:
- Ground and Aerial Photographs of the Morro Bay Area
- Thematic Mapper Bands
- Analysis of the Morro Bay Scene
- End to End Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 1-5
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 1-6
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 1-7
- False Color Rendition
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 1-9
- True Color View
- Other Color Combinations
- Some Basic Image Processing Procedures
- Spatial Filtering
- Principal Components Analysis
- Ratioing
- Classification
- Supervised Classification
- Minimum Distance Classification
- Maximum Likelihood Classification
- Probabilistic Neural Network Classifier
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Section Exam Answers
- EXAM 1
- ANSWERS
- Chapter02: Geologic Applications I - Stratigraphy & Structure
- GEOLOGIC APPLICATIONS:
- Using Landsat for Geological Studies
- Geologic Maps and Images of the Waterpocket Fold
- Some Specialized Images of the Waterpocket Fold
- Maximum Likelihood Classification of the Waterpocket Fold; the Saline Valley
- Geologic Folds from Space
- Recognition of Faults and Joints
- Lineaments and Fractures
- Several Case Studies of Fracture Analysis
- ANSWERS
- Chapter03: Vegetation Applications - Agriculture, Forestry, and Ecology
- VEGETATION APPLICATIONS:
- The SPOT Satellite: A Case Study in Africa; Further Applications to Vegetation Mapping of Crops and Rangelands
- Additional Agriculture Examples in SW Kansas and Morocco; Vegetation in Wetlands
- The Vegetation Index; Other Vegetation Scenes
- Forest Applications
- Ecological Damage from Natural and Manmade Events
- Answers
- Chapter04: Urban and Land Use Applications - From Los Angeles to Beijing
- URBAN AND LAND USE APPLICATIONS:
- New York, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, Houston, Dallas-Fort Worth, and St Louis
- The U.S. Capital: Washington, D.C.; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA
- Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brasilia, Brazil; Paris, France; Munich, Bavaria; Budapest, Hungary; Florence, Italy; Riyahd, Saudi Arabia; Beijing and Shanghai, China
- The First ERTS Image: Dallas-Fort Worth; Archaeologic Wonders
- Answers
- Chapter05: Geologic Applications II - Mineral & Petroleum Exploration
- Chapter06: Space Flight Across the U.S - Boston to Denver to San Francisco; Landsat Tours the World
- LANDSAT TOURS THE WORLD
- Boston, Massachusetts and New England
- Central Pennsylvania Fold Belt; The Appalachians
- Chicago, Illinois and the Midwest
- The Great Plains
- Denver, Colorado and the Rocky Mountains
- The Four Corners Area: Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah
- The Nevada Basin and Range; The Desert Southwest; and The Snake River Plains
- The Pacific Coast: The Sierra Nevada Mountains; The San Francisco Bay Area, CA; The Cascades; Seattle, WA
- AN EXCURSION ACROSS THE CONTINENTS
- Central and South America
- Europe I
- Europe II
- The Middle East and Africa
- Asia
- Australia and New Zealand
- THE LANDSAT GAME
- The Landsat Game Answers
- ANSWERS
- Chapter07: Regional Studies - Use of Mosaics from Landsat
- Chapter08: Radar and Microwave Remote Sensing
- Chapter09: The Warm Earth - Thermal Remote Sensing
- THE WARM EARTH: THERMAL REMOTE SENSING
- The Wien Displacement Law and Emissivity Effects
- Solar Irradiation as a Heating Mechanism
- Diurnal Heating Effects
- Thermal Properties of Water
- White Mountain Thermal Features
- TIMS Thermal Scenes: Death Valley; Mauna Loa
- The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM); Weather Satellites
- Thermography; Night Vision Systems
- Answers
- Chapter10: Aerial Photography as Primary & Ancillary Data Sources
- Chapter11: The Earth’s Surface in 3D - Stereo Systems and Topographic Mapping
- DETERMINING TOPOGRAPHY FROM SPACE
- The Display of Contours in Maps
- Seeing in 3-D Stereo
- Measuring Heights from Individual and Paired Images
- Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Viewing Modes
- Space-based Topographic Operations
- Altimetry
- Radar Stereo; Interferometry
- Additional Examples of Stereo from Space
- The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
- STEREO IMAGES
- STEREO PAIRS
- ANSWERS
- Chapter12: The Human Remote Senser in Space - Astronaut Photography
- Chapter13: Collecting Data at the Surface - Ground Truth; The “Multi” Concept; Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy
- GROUND TRUTH; THE “MULTI” CONCEPT;
- Training Sites; Mixed Pixels
- Accuracy Assessment
- Field Instruments and Measurements; Data Collection Platforms; GPS
- THE “MULTI” APPROACH TO APPLIED REMOTE SENSING
- Multisensors
- Multitemporal Coverage
- A “Multi” Case Study
- HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING
- Principles of Spectroscopy
- Absorption Processes
- Factors that Modify or “Confound” Spectral Curves; Data Analysis
- AVIRIS and other Imaging Spectrometers
- Additional Examples of Imaging Spectrometer Products; Multisensor Analysis
- ANSWERS
- Imaging Spectrometers
- Chapter14: The Water Planet - Meteorological, Oceanographic and Hydrologic Applications of Remote Sensing
- THE WATER PLANET: METEOROLOGY, OCEANOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY FROM SPACE
- Metsat Instrumentation; AVHRR
- Atmospheric Sounders
- TIROS and Nimbus
- ESSA, DMSP, SSM/I; TRMM
- The NOAA Series
- Geostationary Satellites
- International Meteorological Satellites
- ERBS; UARS; ADEOS
- Hurricane Andrew; 1993 Storm of the Century; Hurricanes & Tornadoes
- Oceanographic Observations
- Seasat, TOPEX-Poseidon, Jason-1, NSCAT, and SeaWinds
- CZCS and SeaWiFS
- Sea Ice Monitoring
- Hydrologic Applications: Drought, Snow Cover and Flooding
- Mapping the Extent of Flooding
- Answers
- Chapter15: Geographic Information Systems - The GIS Approach to Decision Making
- GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 15-2
- Data Elements and Models
- GIS Defined
- Decision Making: Suitability Determination
- A GIS Case Study in Africa
- Conducting a GIS Analysis
- The Pennsylvania Power and Light New Plant Siting Problem
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 15-9
- AN INTEGRATED GIS/REMOTE SENSING CASE STUDY IN FRANCE
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 15-9
- ANSWERS
- Chapter16: Earth Systems Science - Earth Science Enterprise and the EOS Program
- EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE, MISSION TO PLANET EARTH, AND THE EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM
- Evidence for Global Warming:
- Earth System Science
- Earth System Cycles
- National and International ESS Programs
- Earth Science Enterprise = Mission to Planet Earth
- EOS Platforms/Sensors and Mission Profiles
- Data Handling: EOSDIS
- TERRA IS NOW OPERATIONAL:
- ASTER, MOPITT, and CERES
- AQUA IS NOW OPERATIONAL; ENVISAT
- Satellite Formation Flying; NPOESS
- Section 16_12
- ANSWERS
- Chapter17: Use of Remote Sensing in Basic Science Studies I - Mega-Geomorphology
- BASIC SCIENCE STUDIES 1: GEOMORPHOLOGY
- Geomorphology from Space
- Tectonic/Volcanic Landforms
- Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms
- Karst/Lacustrine/Aeolian/Glacial Landforms
- Terranes as Terrains: The Klamath Mountains Oregon Study
- The Klamaths from Space
- Terranes in TM Imagery; Ridges and Elevations.
- Relief Measurements
- Ridges as Indicators of Terrane Differences
- ANSWERS
- Chapter18: Basic Science II: Impact Cratering
- Chapter19: Planetary Remote Sensing - The Exploration of Extraterrestrial Bodies
- PLANETARY REMOTE SENSING
- Links to Planetary Sites
- Pre-Apollo Exploration of the Moon
- Early spacecraft visits to the Moon
- Unmanned Lunar Landers
- The Apollo Program - Man on the Moon
- Apollo Instrument Experiments
- Post-Apollo Lunar Exploration
- The Inner Planets: Mercury and Venus
- The Magellan Program
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 19-9
- Mars, The Red Planet
- The Martian Atmosphere; Ice at the Poles
- Martian Landscapes: Linear Features, Volcanoes, Impact Craters, Channels; Exotic Terrains; Mars Stratigraphy
- Life on Mars?
- The Giant (Outer) Planets
- Jupiter: An Overview
- Jupiter’s Galilean Satellites: Io and Europa
- The Galilean Satellites Ganymede and Callisto
- Saturn and its Moons
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 19-19
- Uranus and Neptune, and their Satellites
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 19-21
- Asteroids and Comets
- Comet Shoemaker-Levy
- ANSWERS
- Chapter20: Astronomy and Cosmology: The Description, Origin, and Development of the Universe
- PREFACE TO THE COSMOLOGY SECTION
- ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY:
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page Section20-1a
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Page Section20-2a
- Images of Galaxies and Stars outside the Visible Light Range.
- Special Features of Galaxies
- The Birth, Life and Death of Stars
- Untitled
- Novae, Supernovae; Neutron Stars and Pulsars; Quasars and Black Holes; Gamma Ray Bursts; and Star Collisions.
- Spectral Analysis of Star Composition; Element Synthesis in Stars
- Space-Time and Expansion of the Universe
- Evidence for the Big Bang:
- Dark Energy and an Accelerating Universe?
- Models for the Origin of Planetary Systems
- Letters to the Press-Enterprise, Bloomsburg, PA
- chapter21: Remote Sensing into the 21st Century
- Appendix A: Modern History of Space
- Remote Sensing Tutorial Appendix A Page 1
- American Space Policy
- American Civilian Space Program (NASA)
- Shuttle Development
- Interplanetary
- Science, Technology, and Earth Applications Satellites
- American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations
- Nuclear Detection
- Early Missile Warning
- Navigation (Global Positioning)
- Russian Space Program
- Soviet Manned Programs:
- Interplanetary
- Science, Technology, and Earth Applications Satellites
- European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs
- The 1980’s
- American Space Policy
- American Civilian Space Program (NASA)
- Interplanetary
- Science, Technology, and Earth Applications Satellites
- American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations
- Early Missile Warning
- Russian Space Program
- Interplanetary
- European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs
- Introduction
- American Civilian Space Program (NASA)
- American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations
- Russian Space Program
- European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs
- Appendix B: Interactive Image Processing
- INTERACTIVE IMAGE PROCESSING
- The Nature of Satellite Digital Data
- Digitization
- Image Processing
- THE PIT OPERATIONAL MANUAL
- Installing PIT from the Internet
- Installing PIT from the CD-ROM
- General Overview of PIT
- Displaying Images
- Histograms and Scatter Plots
- Ratioing and Principal Components
- Classification
- Supervised Classification
- Conclusion
- Appendix C: Principal Components Analysis
- Appendix D: Glossary