The Nature of Satellite Digital Data¶
Contents
The Nature of Satellite Digital Data
The starting point lies in the nature of the signal representing the remotely sensed scene. The MSS on Landsat is a good example from which to learn the principles. Each band consists of the (averaged) total radiance (largely ground reflectance but with contributions from the atmosphere) associated with the signal detectors that measure it. The scene unit of measurement spatially is the ground area that corresponds to the source of the radiance and is coincident with the sensor unit that records it, namely, a single pixel. Each pixel will receive some number of photons, collected between some spectral interval, from that ground area, depending largely on the nature of the scene (its averaged radiance) and the dwell time (related to spacecraft velocity and mirror oscillation rate). The resulting radiation impinging on the detector is equivalent to a finite quantity of energy. The quantized photons (whose cumulative effect gives rise to a specific intensity) knock electrons loose (the photoelectric effect) that can be removed from the detector (during its characteristic sampling time) as an electronic signal which varies in proportion to the electrons released. That signal can be expressed as a voltage whose variation is thus a measure of the photon energy/electron release effect. (Some systems utilize changes in amperage instead, as related to current variations).
There is now a value in voltage for the given signal recorded by a pixel for that particular moment during the scanning period and for the “piece of real estate” it covers. For successive pixels along a line of scan, as each is sampled in succession there will be a particular voltage value associated with every individual; when this variation is plotted as a function of intensity (radiance-dependent) versus time, a continuous series of points (spaced by pixel dimensions) will represent voltage radiance variations corresponding to changes in scene radiance. This is repeated in the along scan direction (for the MSS, a set of six detectors sweep along adjacent parallel lines during one advance of the scanning mirror). As this series of sweeps build up during the advance of the observing platform, a two-dimensional array of contiguous pixels is developed. Each pixel could be represented by a number, some specific value - usually fractional or decimal - of the range of voltages measurable by the sensor. The stream of successive voltages can, in principle, be telemetered (either directly, or later, after recording on magnetic tape or similar recording device) back to a receiving station on Earth (or through a relay satellite).
It is feasible to convert this variable voltage signal into an image by using it to drive some electro-optical instrument that produces a light beam output that changes with the voltage. The different beam intensities can be used directly to manufacture various types of photo products. Since film gray levels correlate with the number of photons activating the silver chloride, a black and white image consisting of ranges of gray levels that correspond to relative radiances (e.g., varying reflectances) will result. Standard photointerpretive methods then draw upon spatial patterns and feature or material brightnesses to facilitate identification of scene categories (classes).
However, many manipulations of the raw data, using display or interpretive, mathematically based, programs - contrast stretching, edge enhancement, ratioing, supervised classification, etc. - can be applied to enhance interpretation. In today’s world, these are best and most rapidly accomplished using computers. This requires that the analog signal be converted to digital values (A/D), such as the DN’s defined and described on page 1-12. This conversion can take place either on the ground after the electronic signal is recorded, or, now most commonly, onboard the spacecraft simultaneously with acquisition of the signal.